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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>What’s New in Python — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/language_data.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="What’s New in Python 2.7" href="2.7.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="Python Documentation contents" href="../contents.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/whatsnew/index.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/whatsnew/index.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="2.7.html" title="What’s New in Python 2.7" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="../contents.html" title="Python Documentation contents" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="what-s-new-in-python"> <span id="whatsnew-index"></span><h1>What’s New in Python<a class="headerlink" href="#what-s-new-in-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>The “What’s New in Python” series of essays takes tours through the most important changes between major Python versions. They are a “must read” for anyone wishing to stay up-to-date after a new release.</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html">What’s New in Python 2.7</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#the-future-for-python-2-x">The Future for Python 2.x</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#changes-to-the-handling-of-deprecation-warnings">Changes to the Handling of Deprecation Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#python-3-1-features">Python 3.1 Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#pep-372-adding-an-ordered-dictionary-to-collections">PEP 372: Adding an Ordered Dictionary to collections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#pep-378-format-specifier-for-thousands-separator">PEP 378: Format Specifier for Thousands Separator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#pep-389-the-argparse-module-for-parsing-command-lines">PEP 389: The argparse Module for Parsing Command Lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#pep-391-dictionary-based-configuration-for-logging">PEP 391: Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#pep-3106-dictionary-views">PEP 3106: Dictionary Views</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#pep-3137-the-memoryview-object">PEP 3137: The memoryview Object</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#porting-to-python-2-7">Porting to Python 2.7</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#new-features-added-to-python-2-7-maintenance-releases">New Features Added to Python 2.7 Maintenance Releases</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.7.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html">What’s New in Python 2.6</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#python-3-0">Python 3.0</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#changes-to-the-development-process">Changes to the Development Process</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-366-explicit-relative-imports-from-a-main-module">PEP 366: Explicit Relative Imports From a Main Module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-370-per-user-site-packages-directory">PEP 370: Per-user <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site-packages</span></code> Directory</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-371-the-multiprocessing-package">PEP 371: The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> Package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-3101-advanced-string-formatting">PEP 3101: Advanced String Formatting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-3105-print-as-a-function">PEP 3105: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print</span></code> As a Function</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-3110-exception-handling-changes">PEP 3110: Exception-Handling Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-3112-byte-literals">PEP 3112: Byte Literals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-3116-new-i-o-library">PEP 3116: New I/O Library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-3118-revised-buffer-protocol">PEP 3118: Revised Buffer Protocol</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-3119-abstract-base-classes">PEP 3119: Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-3127-integer-literal-support-and-syntax">PEP 3127: Integer Literal Support and Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-3129-class-decorators">PEP 3129: Class Decorators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#pep-3141-a-type-hierarchy-for-numbers">PEP 3141: A Type Hierarchy for Numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#deprecations-and-removals">Deprecations and Removals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#porting-to-python-2-6">Porting to Python 2.6</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.6.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html">What’s New in Python 2.5</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#pep-308-conditional-expressions">PEP 308: Conditional Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#pep-309-partial-function-application">PEP 309: Partial Function Application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#pep-314-metadata-for-python-software-packages-v1-1">PEP 314: Metadata for Python Software Packages v1.1</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#pep-328-absolute-and-relative-imports">PEP 328: Absolute and Relative Imports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#pep-338-executing-modules-as-scripts">PEP 338: Executing Modules as Scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#pep-341-unified-try-except-finally">PEP 341: Unified try/except/finally</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#pep-342-new-generator-features">PEP 342: New Generator Features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#pep-343-the-with-statement">PEP 343: The ‘with’ statement</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#pep-352-exceptions-as-new-style-classes">PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#pep-353-using-ssize-t-as-the-index-type">PEP 353: Using ssize_t as the index type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#pep-357-the-index-method">PEP 357: The ‘__index__’ method</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#new-improved-and-removed-modules">New, Improved, and Removed Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#porting-to-python-2-5">Porting to Python 2.5</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.5.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html">What’s New in Python 2.4</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#pep-218-built-in-set-objects">PEP 218: Built-In Set Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#pep-289-generator-expressions">PEP 289: Generator Expressions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#pep-292-simpler-string-substitutions">PEP 292: Simpler String Substitutions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#pep-318-decorators-for-functions-and-methods">PEP 318: Decorators for Functions and Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#pep-322-reverse-iteration">PEP 322: Reverse Iteration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#pep-324-new-subprocess-module">PEP 324: New subprocess Module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#pep-327-decimal-data-type">PEP 327: Decimal Data Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#pep-328-multi-line-imports">PEP 328: Multi-line Imports</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#pep-331-locale-independent-float-string-conversions">PEP 331: Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#porting-to-python-2-4">Porting to Python 2.4</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.4.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html">What’s New in Python 2.3</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-218-a-standard-set-datatype">PEP 218: A Standard Set Datatype</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-263-source-code-encodings">PEP 263: Source Code Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-273-importing-modules-from-zip-archives">PEP 273: Importing Modules from ZIP Archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-277-unicode-file-name-support-for-windows-nt">PEP 277: Unicode file name support for Windows NT</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-278-universal-newline-support">PEP 278: Universal Newline Support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-279-enumerate">PEP 279: enumerate()</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-282-the-logging-package">PEP 282: The logging Package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-285-a-boolean-type">PEP 285: A Boolean Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-293-codec-error-handling-callbacks">PEP 293: Codec Error Handling Callbacks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-301-package-index-and-metadata-for-distutils">PEP 301: Package Index and Metadata for Distutils</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-302-new-import-hooks">PEP 302: New Import Hooks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-305-comma-separated-files">PEP 305: Comma-separated Files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pep-307-pickle-enhancements">PEP 307: Pickle Enhancements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#extended-slices">Extended Slices</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#other-language-changes">Other Language Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#new-improved-and-deprecated-modules">New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#pymalloc-a-specialized-object-allocator">Pymalloc: A Specialized Object Allocator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#build-and-c-api-changes">Build and C API Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#porting-to-python-2-3">Porting to Python 2.3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.3.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html">What’s New in Python 2.2</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html#peps-252-and-253-type-and-class-changes">PEPs 252 and 253: Type and Class Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html#pep-234-iterators">PEP 234: Iterators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html#pep-255-simple-generators">PEP 255: Simple Generators</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html#pep-237-unifying-long-integers-and-integers">PEP 237: Unifying Long Integers and Integers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html#pep-238-changing-the-division-operator">PEP 238: Changing the Division Operator</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html#unicode-changes">Unicode Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html#interpreter-changes-and-fixes">Interpreter Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.2.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html">What’s New in Python 2.1</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#pep-227-nested-scopes">PEP 227: Nested Scopes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#pep-236-future-directives">PEP 236: __future__ Directives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#pep-207-rich-comparisons">PEP 207: Rich Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#pep-230-warning-framework">PEP 230: Warning Framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#pep-229-new-build-system">PEP 229: New Build System</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#pep-205-weak-references">PEP 205: Weak References</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#pep-232-function-attributes">PEP 232: Function Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#pep-235-importing-modules-on-case-insensitive-platforms">PEP 235: Importing Modules on Case-Insensitive Platforms</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#pep-217-interactive-display-hook">PEP 217: Interactive Display Hook</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#pep-208-new-coercion-model">PEP 208: New Coercion Model</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#pep-241-metadata-in-python-packages">PEP 241: Metadata in Python Packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#new-and-improved-modules">New and Improved Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#other-changes-and-fixes">Other Changes and Fixes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.1.html#acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html">What’s New in Python 2.0</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#introduction">Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#what-about-python-1-6">What About Python 1.6?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#new-development-process">New Development Process</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#list-comprehensions">List Comprehensions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#augmented-assignment">Augmented Assignment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#string-methods">String Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#garbage-collection-of-cycles">Garbage Collection of Cycles</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#other-core-changes">Other Core Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#porting-to-2-0">Porting to 2.0</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#extending-embedding-changes">Extending/Embedding Changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#distutils-making-modules-easy-to-install">Distutils: Making Modules Easy to Install</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#xml-modules">XML Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#module-changes">Module changes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#new-modules">New modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#idle-improvements">IDLE Improvements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2.0.html#deleted-and-deprecated-modules">Deleted and Deprecated Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" 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