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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>2. Writing the Setup Script — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/language_data.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="3. Writing the Setup Configuration File" href="configfile.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="1. An Introduction to Distutils" href="introduction.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/distutils/setupscript.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/distutils/setupscript.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="configfile.html" title="3. Writing the Setup Configuration File" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="introduction.html" title="1. An Introduction to Distutils" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Distributing Python Modules (Legacy version)</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="writing-the-setup-script"> <span id="setup-script"></span><h1>2. Writing the Setup Script<a class="headerlink" href="#writing-the-setup-script" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>The setup script is the centre of all activity in building, distributing, and installing modules using the Distutils. The main purpose of the setup script is to describe your module distribution to the Distutils, so that the various commands that operate on your modules do the right thing. As we saw in section <a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#distutils-simple-example"><span class="std std-ref">A Simple Example</span></a> above, the setup script consists mainly of a call to <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code>, and most information supplied to the Distutils by the module developer is supplied as keyword arguments to <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code>.</p> <p>Here’s a slightly more involved example, which we’ll follow for the next couple of sections: the Distutils’ own setup script. (Keep in mind that although the Distutils are included with Python 1.6 and later, they also have an independent existence so that Python 1.5.2 users can use them to install other module distributions. The Distutils’ own setup script, shown here, is used to install the package into Python 1.5.2.)</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">distutils.core</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">setup</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Distutils'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">version</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'1.0'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">description</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Python Distribution Utilities'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">author</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Greg Ward'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">author_email</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'gward@python.net'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'https://www.python.org/sigs/distutils-sig/'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">packages</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'distutils'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'distutils.command'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>There are only two differences between this and the trivial one-file distribution presented in section <a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#distutils-simple-example"><span class="std std-ref">A Simple Example</span></a>: more metadata, and the specification of pure Python modules by package, rather than by module. This is important since the Distutils consist of a couple of dozen modules split into (so far) two packages; an explicit list of every module would be tedious to generate and difficult to maintain. For more information on the additional meta-data, see section <a class="reference internal" href="#meta-data"><span class="std std-ref">Additional meta-data</span></a>.</p> <p>Note that any pathnames (files or directories) supplied in the setup script should be written using the Unix convention, i.e. slash-separated. The Distutils will take care of converting this platform-neutral representation into whatever is appropriate on your current platform before actually using the pathname. This makes your setup script portable across operating systems, which of course is one of the major goals of the Distutils. In this spirit, all pathnames in this document are slash-separated.</p> <p>This, of course, only applies to pathnames given to Distutils functions. If you, for example, use standard Python functions such as <a class="reference internal" href="../library/glob.html#glob.glob" title="glob.glob"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob.glob()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.listdir" title="os.listdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.listdir()</span></code></a> to specify files, you should be careful to write portable code instead of hardcoding path separators:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'mydir'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'subdir'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'*.html'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'mydir'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'subdir'</span><span class="p">))</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="section" id="listing-whole-packages"> <span id="listing-packages"></span><h2>2.1. Listing whole packages<a class="headerlink" href="#listing-whole-packages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">packages</span></code> option tells the Distutils to process (build, distribute, install, etc.) all pure Python modules found in each package mentioned in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">packages</span></code> list. In order to do this, of course, there has to be a correspondence between package names and directories in the filesystem. The default correspondence is the most obvious one, i.e. package <a class="reference internal" href="../library/distutils.html#module-distutils" title="distutils: Support for building and installing Python modules into an existing Python installation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code></a> is found in the directory <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code> relative to the distribution root. Thus, when you say <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">packages</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">['foo']</span></code> in your setup script, you are promising that the Distutils will find a file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo/__init__.py</span></code> (which might be spelled differently on your system, but you get the idea) relative to the directory where your setup script lives. If you break this promise, the Distutils will issue a warning but still process the broken package anyway.</p> <p>If you use a different convention to lay out your source directory, that’s no problem: you just have to supply the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package_dir</span></code> option to tell the Distutils about your convention. For example, say you keep all Python source under <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib</span></code>, so that modules in the “root package” (i.e., not in any package at all) are in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib</span></code>, modules in the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> package are in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/foo</span></code>, and so forth. Then you would put</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">package_dir</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'lib'</span><span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>in your setup script. The keys to this dictionary are package names, and an empty package name stands for the root package. The values are directory names relative to your distribution root. In this case, when you say <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">packages</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">['foo']</span></code>, you are promising that the file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/foo/__init__.py</span></code> exists.</p> <p>Another possible convention is to put the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> package right in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib</span></code>, the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo.bar</span></code> package in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/bar</span></code>, etc. This would be written in the setup script as</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">package_dir</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'lib'</span><span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package:</span> <span class="pre">dir</span></code> entry in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package_dir</span></code> dictionary implicitly applies to all packages below <em>package</em>, so the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo.bar</span></code> case is automatically handled here. In this example, having <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">packages</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">['foo',</span> <span class="pre">'foo.bar']</span></code> tells the Distutils to look for <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/__init__.py</span></code> and <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/bar/__init__.py</span></code>. (Keep in mind that although <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package_dir</span></code> applies recursively, you must explicitly list all packages in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">packages</span></code>: the Distutils will <em>not</em> recursively scan your source tree looking for any directory with an <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></code> file.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="listing-individual-modules"> <span id="listing-modules"></span><h2>2.2. Listing individual modules<a class="headerlink" href="#listing-individual-modules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>For a small module distribution, you might prefer to list all modules rather than listing packages—especially the case of a single module that goes in the “root package” (i.e., no package at all). This simplest case was shown in section <a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#distutils-simple-example"><span class="std std-ref">A Simple Example</span></a>; here is a slightly more involved example:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">py_modules</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'mod1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'pkg.mod2'</span><span class="p">]</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>This describes two modules, one of them in the “root” package, the other in the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkg</span></code> package. Again, the default package/directory layout implies that these two modules can be found in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mod1.py</span></code> and <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkg/mod2.py</span></code>, and that <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkg/__init__.py</span></code> exists as well. And again, you can override the package/directory correspondence using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package_dir</span></code> option.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="describing-extension-modules"> <span id="describing-extensions"></span><h2>2.3. Describing extension modules<a class="headerlink" href="#describing-extension-modules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Just as writing Python extension modules is a bit more complicated than writing pure Python modules, describing them to the Distutils is a bit more complicated. Unlike pure modules, it’s not enough just to list modules or packages and expect the Distutils to go out and find the right files; you have to specify the extension name, source file(s), and any compile/link requirements (include directories, libraries to link with, etc.).</p> <p>All of this is done through another keyword argument to <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code>, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ext_modules</span></code> option. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ext_modules</span></code> is just a list of <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#distutils.core.Extension" title="distutils.core.Extension"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Extension</span></code></a> instances, each of which describes a single extension module. Suppose your distribution includes a single extension, called <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo</span></code> and implemented by <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo.c</span></code>. If no additional instructions to the compiler/linker are needed, describing this extension is quite simple:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'foo.c'</span><span class="p">])</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Extension</span></code> class can be imported from <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#module-distutils.core" title="distutils.core: The core Distutils functionality"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils.core</span></code></a> along with <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code>. Thus, the setup script for a module distribution that contains only this one extension and nothing else might be:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">distutils.core</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Extension</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">version</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'1.0'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ext_modules</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'foo.c'</span><span class="p">])],</span> <span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Extension</span></code> class (actually, the underlying extension-building machinery implemented by the <strong class="command">build_ext</strong> command) supports a great deal of flexibility in describing Python extensions, which is explained in the following sections.</p> <div class="section" id="extension-names-and-packages"> <h3>2.3.1. Extension names and packages<a class="headerlink" href="#extension-names-and-packages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The first argument to the <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#distutils.core.Extension" title="distutils.core.Extension"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Extension</span></code></a> constructor is always the name of the extension, including any package names. For example,</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'src/foo1.c'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'src/foo2.c'</span><span class="p">])</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>describes an extension that lives in the root package, while</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'pkg.foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'src/foo1.c'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'src/foo2.c'</span><span class="p">])</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>describes the same extension in the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkg</span></code> package. The source files and resulting object code are identical in both cases; the only difference is where in the filesystem (and therefore where in Python’s namespace hierarchy) the resulting extension lives.</p> <p>If you have a number of extensions all in the same package (or all under the same base package), use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ext_package</span></code> keyword argument to <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code>. For example,</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ext_package</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'pkg'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ext_modules</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'foo.c'</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'subpkg.bar'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'bar.c'</span><span class="p">])],</span> <span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>will compile <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo.c</span></code> to the extension <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkg.foo</span></code>, and <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bar.c</span></code> to <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkg.subpkg.bar</span></code>.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="extension-source-files"> <h3>2.3.2. Extension source files<a class="headerlink" href="#extension-source-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>The second argument to the <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#distutils.core.Extension" title="distutils.core.Extension"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Extension</span></code></a> constructor is a list of source files. Since the Distutils currently only support C, C++, and Objective-C extensions, these are normally C/C++/Objective-C source files. (Be sure to use appropriate extensions to distinguish C++ source files: <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.cc</span></code> and <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.cpp</span></code> seem to be recognized by both Unix and Windows compilers.)</p> <p>However, you can also include SWIG interface (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.i</span></code>) files in the list; the <strong class="command">build_ext</strong> command knows how to deal with SWIG extensions: it will run SWIG on the interface file and compile the resulting C/C++ file into your extension.</p> <p>This warning notwithstanding, options to SWIG can be currently passed like this:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ext_modules</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'_foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'foo.i'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">swig_opts</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'-modern'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'-I../include'</span><span class="p">])],</span> <span class="n">py_modules</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Or on the commandline like this:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">build_ext</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">swig</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"-modern -I../include"</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>On some platforms, you can include non-source files that are processed by the compiler and included in your extension. Currently, this just means Windows message text (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.mc</span></code>) files and resource definition (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.rc</span></code>) files for Visual C++. These will be compiled to binary resource (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.res</span></code>) files and linked into the executable.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="preprocessor-options"> <h3>2.3.3. Preprocessor options<a class="headerlink" href="#preprocessor-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>Three optional arguments to <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#distutils.core.Extension" title="distutils.core.Extension"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Extension</span></code></a> will help if you need to specify include directories to search or preprocessor macros to define/undefine: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">include_dirs</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">define_macros</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">undef_macros</span></code>.</p> <p>For example, if your extension requires header files in the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">include</span></code> directory under your distribution root, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">include_dirs</span></code> option:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'foo.c'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">include_dirs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'include'</span><span class="p">])</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>You can specify absolute directories there; if you know that your extension will only be built on Unix systems with X11R6 installed to <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr</span></code>, you can get away with</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'foo.c'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">include_dirs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'/usr/include/X11'</span><span class="p">])</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>You should avoid this sort of non-portable usage if you plan to distribute your code: it’s probably better to write C code like</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">#include <X11/Xlib.h></span> </pre></div> </div> <p>If you need to include header files from some other Python extension, you can take advantage of the fact that header files are installed in a consistent way by the Distutils <strong class="command">install_headers</strong> command. For example, the Numerical Python header files are installed (on a standard Unix installation) to <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/include/python1.5/Numerical</span></code>. (The exact location will differ according to your platform and Python installation.) Since the Python include directory—<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/include/python1.5</span></code> in this case—is always included in the search path when building Python extensions, the best approach is to write C code like</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">#include <Numerical/arrayobject.h></span> </pre></div> </div> <p>If you must put the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Numerical</span></code> include directory right into your header search path, though, you can find that directory using the Distutils <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#module-distutils.sysconfig" title="distutils.sysconfig: Low-level access to configuration information of the Python interpreter."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils.sysconfig</span></code></a> module:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">distutils.sysconfig</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">get_python_inc</span> <span class="n">incdir</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">get_python_inc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">plat_specific</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'Numerical'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">include_dirs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">incdir</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Even though this is quite portable—it will work on any Python installation, regardless of platform—it’s probably easier to just write your C code in the sensible way.</p> <p>You can define and undefine pre-processor macros with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">define_macros</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">undef_macros</span></code> options. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">define_macros</span></code> takes a list of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(name,</span> <span class="pre">value)</span></code> tuples, where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> is the name of the macro to define (a string) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">value</span></code> is its value: either a string or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>. (Defining a macro <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FOO</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> is the equivalent of a bare <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#define</span> <span class="pre">FOO</span></code> in your C source: with most compilers, this sets <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FOO</span></code> to the string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>.) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">undef_macros</span></code> is just a list of macros to undefine.</p> <p>For example:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">define_macros</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">'NDEBUG'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'1'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'HAVE_STRFTIME'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)],</span> <span class="n">undef_macros</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'HAVE_FOO'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'HAVE_BAR'</span><span class="p">])</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>is the equivalent of having this at the top of every C source file:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">#define NDEBUG 1</span> <span class="c1">#define HAVE_STRFTIME</span> <span class="c1">#undef HAVE_FOO</span> <span class="c1">#undef HAVE_BAR</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="library-options"> <h3>2.3.4. Library options<a class="headerlink" href="#library-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>You can also specify the libraries to link against when building your extension, and the directories to search for those libraries. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">libraries</span></code> option is a list of libraries to link against, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">library_dirs</span></code> is a list of directories to search for libraries at link-time, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runtime_library_dirs</span></code> is a list of directories to search for shared (dynamically loaded) libraries at run-time.</p> <p>For example, if you need to link against libraries known to be in the standard library search path on target systems</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">libraries</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'gdbm'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'readline'</span><span class="p">])</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>If you need to link with libraries in a non-standard location, you’ll have to include the location in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">library_dirs</span></code>:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Extension</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">library_dirs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'/usr/X11R6/lib'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">libraries</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'X11'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Xt'</span><span class="p">])</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>(Again, this sort of non-portable construct should be avoided if you intend to distribute your code.)</p> </div> <div class="section" id="other-options"> <h3>2.3.5. Other options<a class="headerlink" href="#other-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> <p>There are still some other options which can be used to handle special cases.</p> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extra_objects</span></code> option is a list of object files to be passed to the linker. These files must not have extensions, as the default extension for the compiler is used.</p> <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extra_compile_args</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">extra_link_args</span></code> can be used to specify additional command line options for the respective compiler and linker command lines.</p> <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">export_symbols</span></code> is only useful on Windows. It can contain a list of symbols (functions or variables) to be exported. This option is not needed when building compiled extensions: Distutils will automatically add <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">initmodule</span></code> to the list of exported symbols.</p> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">depends</span></code> option is a list of files that the extension depends on (for example header files). The build command will call the compiler on the sources to rebuild extension if any on this files has been modified since the previous build.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="relationships-between-distributions-and-packages"> <h2>2.4. Relationships between Distributions and Packages<a class="headerlink" href="#relationships-between-distributions-and-packages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>A distribution may relate to packages in three specific ways:</p> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>It can require packages or modules.</li> <li>It can provide packages or modules.</li> <li>It can obsolete packages or modules.</li> </ol> <p>These relationships can be specified using keyword arguments to the <a class="reference internal" href="apiref.html#distutils.core.setup" title="distutils.core.setup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils.core.setup()</span></code></a> function.</p> <p>Dependencies on other Python modules and packages can be specified by supplying the <em>requires</em> keyword argument to <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code>. The value must be a list of strings. Each string specifies a package that is required, and optionally what versions are sufficient.</p> <p>To specify that any version of a module or package is required, the string should consist entirely of the module or package name. Examples include <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'mymodule'</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'xml.parsers.expat'</span></code>.</p> <p>If specific versions are required, a sequence of qualifiers can be supplied in parentheses. Each qualifier may consist of a comparison operator and a version number. The accepted comparison operators are:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o"><</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="o">>=</span> <span class="o">!=</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>These can be combined by using multiple qualifiers separated by commas (and optional whitespace). In this case, all of the qualifiers must be matched; a logical AND is used to combine the evaluations.</p> <p>Let’s look at a bunch of examples:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="35%" /> <col width="65%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Requires Expression</th> <th class="head">Explanation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">==1.0</span></code></td> <td>Only version <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1.0</span></code> is compatible</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>1.0,</span> <span class="pre">!=1.5.1,</span> <span class="pre"><2.0</span></code></td> <td>Any version after <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1.0</span></code> and before <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2.0</span></code> is compatible, except <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1.5.1</span></code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Now that we can specify dependencies, we also need to be able to specify what we provide that other distributions can require. This is done using the <em>provides</em> keyword argument to <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code>. The value for this keyword is a list of strings, each of which names a Python module or package, and optionally identifies the version. If the version is not specified, it is assumed to match that of the distribution.</p> <p>Some examples:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="31%" /> <col width="69%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Provides Expression</th> <th class="head">Explanation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mypkg</span></code></td> <td>Provide <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mypkg</span></code>, using the distribution version</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mypkg</span> <span class="pre">(1.1)</span></code></td> <td>Provide <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mypkg</span></code> version 1.1, regardless of the distribution version</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>A package can declare that it obsoletes other packages using the <em>obsoletes</em> keyword argument. The value for this is similar to that of the <em>requires</em> keyword: a list of strings giving module or package specifiers. Each specifier consists of a module or package name optionally followed by one or more version qualifiers. Version qualifiers are given in parentheses after the module or package name.</p> <p>The versions identified by the qualifiers are those that are obsoleted by the distribution being described. If no qualifiers are given, all versions of the named module or package are understood to be obsoleted.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="installing-scripts"> <span id="distutils-installing-scripts"></span><h2>2.5. Installing Scripts<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-scripts" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>So far we have been dealing with pure and non-pure Python modules, which are usually not run by themselves but imported by scripts.</p> <p>Scripts are files containing Python source code, intended to be started from the command line. Scripts don’t require Distutils to do anything very complicated. The only clever feature is that if the first line of the script starts with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#!</span></code> and contains the word “python”, the Distutils will adjust the first line to refer to the current interpreter location. By default, it is replaced with the current interpreter location. The <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--executable</span></code> (or <code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-e</span></code>) option will allow the interpreter path to be explicitly overridden.</p> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">scripts</span></code> option simply is a list of files to be handled in this way. From the PyXML setup script:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scripts</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'scripts/xmlproc_parse'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'scripts/xmlproc_val'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>All the scripts will also be added to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MANIFEST</span></code> file if no template is provided. See <a class="reference internal" href="sourcedist.html#manifest"><span class="std std-ref">Specifying the files to distribute</span></a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="installing-package-data"> <span id="distutils-installing-package-data"></span><h2>2.6. Installing Package Data<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-package-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Often, additional files need to be installed into a package. These files are often data that’s closely related to the package’s implementation, or text files containing documentation that might be of interest to programmers using the package. These files are called <em class="dfn">package data</em>.</p> <p>Package data can be added to packages using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package_data</span></code> keyword argument to the <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code> function. The value must be a mapping from package name to a list of relative path names that should be copied into the package. The paths are interpreted as relative to the directory containing the package (information from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package_dir</span></code> mapping is used if appropriate); that is, the files are expected to be part of the package in the source directories. They may contain glob patterns as well.</p> <p>The path names may contain directory portions; any necessary directories will be created in the installation.</p> <p>For example, if a package should contain a subdirectory with several data files, the files can be arranged like this in the source tree:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">src</span><span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">mypkg</span><span class="o">/</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">tables</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dat</span> <span class="n">spoons</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dat</span> <span class="n">forks</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dat</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The corresponding call to <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code> might be:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">packages</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'mypkg'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">package_dir</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'mypkg'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'src/mypkg'</span><span class="p">},</span> <span class="n">package_data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'mypkg'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'data/*.dat'</span><span class="p">]},</span> <span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>All the files that match <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">package_data</span></code> will be added to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MANIFEST</span></code> file if no template is provided. See <a class="reference internal" href="sourcedist.html#manifest"><span class="std std-ref">Specifying the files to distribute</span></a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="installing-additional-files"> <span id="distutils-additional-files"></span><h2>2.7. Installing Additional Files<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-additional-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data_files</span></code> option can be used to specify additional files needed by the module distribution: configuration files, message catalogs, data files, anything which doesn’t fit in the previous categories.</p> <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data_files</span></code> specifies a sequence of (<em>directory</em>, <em>files</em>) pairs in the following way:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data_files</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[(</span><span class="s1">'bitmaps'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'bm/b1.gif'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'bm/b2.gif'</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'config'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'cfg/data.cfg'</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Each (<em>directory</em>, <em>files</em>) pair in the sequence specifies the installation directory and the files to install there.</p> <p>Each file name in <em>files</em> is interpreted relative to the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> script at the top of the package source distribution. Note that you can specify the directory where the data files will be installed, but you cannot rename the data files themselves.</p> <p>The <em>directory</em> should be a relative path. It is interpreted relative to the installation prefix (Python’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.prefix</span></code> for system installations; <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site.USER_BASE</span></code> for user installations). Distutils allows <em>directory</em> to be an absolute installation path, but this is discouraged since it is incompatible with the wheel packaging format. No directory information from <em>files</em> is used to determine the final location of the installed file; only the name of the file is used.</p> <p>You can specify the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data_files</span></code> options as a simple sequence of files without specifying a target directory, but this is not recommended, and the <strong class="command">install</strong> command will print a warning in this case. To install data files directly in the target directory, an empty string should be given as the directory.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span>All the files that match <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data_files</span></code> will be added to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MANIFEST</span></code> file if no template is provided. See <a class="reference internal" href="sourcedist.html#manifest"><span class="std std-ref">Specifying the files to distribute</span></a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="additional-meta-data"> <span id="meta-data"></span><h2>2.8. Additional meta-data<a class="headerlink" href="#additional-meta-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The setup script may include additional meta-data beyond the name and version. This information includes:</p> <table border="1" class="docutils"> <colgroup> <col width="30%" /> <col width="36%" /> <col width="23%" /> <col width="11%" /> </colgroup> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Meta-Data</th> <th class="head">Description</th> <th class="head">Value</th> <th class="head">Notes</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code></td> <td>name of the package</td> <td>short string</td> <td>(1)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">version</span></code></td> <td>version of this release</td> <td>short string</td> <td>(1)(2)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">author</span></code></td> <td>package author’s name</td> <td>short string</td> <td>(3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">author_email</span></code></td> <td>email address of the package author</td> <td>email address</td> <td>(3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maintainer</span></code></td> <td>package maintainer’s name</td> <td>short string</td> <td>(3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maintainer_email</span></code></td> <td>email address of the package maintainer</td> <td>email address</td> <td>(3)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">url</span></code></td> <td>home page for the package</td> <td>URL</td> <td>(1)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">description</span></code></td> <td>short, summary description of the package</td> <td>short string</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_description</span></code></td> <td>longer description of the package</td> <td>long string</td> <td>(5)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">download_url</span></code></td> <td>location where the package may be downloaded</td> <td>URL</td> <td>(4)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">classifiers</span></code></td> <td>a list of classifiers</td> <td>list of strings</td> <td>(4)</td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platforms</span></code></td> <td>a list of platforms</td> <td>list of strings</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">license</span></code></td> <td>license for the package</td> <td>short string</td> <td>(6)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Notes:</p> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>These fields are required.</li> <li>It is recommended that versions take the form <em>major.minor[.patch[.sub]]</em>.</li> <li>Either the author or the maintainer must be identified. If maintainer is provided, distutils lists it as the author in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PKG-INFO</span></code>.</li> <li>These fields should not be used if your package is to be compatible with Python versions prior to 2.2.3 or 2.3. The list is available from the <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">PyPI website</a>.</li> <li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_description</span></code> field is used by PyPI when you publish a package, to build its project page.</li> <li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">license</span></code> field is a text indicating the license covering the package where the license is not a selection from the “License” Trove classifiers. See the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Classifier</span></code> field. Notice that there’s a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">licence</span></code> distribution option which is deprecated but still acts as an alias for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">license</span></code>.</li> </ol> <dl class="docutils"> <dt>‘short string’</dt> <dd>A single line of text, not more than 200 characters.</dd> <dt>‘long string’</dt> <dd>Multiple lines of plain text in reStructuredText format (see <a class="reference external" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/">http://docutils.sourceforge.net/</a>).</dd> <dt>‘list of strings’</dt> <dd>See below.</dd> </dl> <p>None of the string values may be Unicode.</p> <p>Encoding the version information is an art in itself. Python packages generally adhere to the version format <em>major.minor[.patch][sub]</em>. The major number is 0 for initial, experimental releases of software. It is incremented for releases that represent major milestones in a package. The minor number is incremented when important new features are added to the package. The patch number increments when bug-fix releases are made. Additional trailing version information is sometimes used to indicate sub-releases. These are “a1,a2,…,aN” (for alpha releases, where functionality and API may change), “b1,b2,…,bN” (for beta releases, which only fix bugs) and “pr1,pr2,…,prN” (for final pre-release release testing). Some examples:</p> <dl class="docutils"> <dt>0.1.0</dt> <dd>the first, experimental release of a package</dd> <dt>1.0.1a2</dt> <dd>the second alpha release of the first patch version of 1.0</dd> </dl> <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">classifiers</span></code> are specified in a Python list:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">classifiers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span> <span class="s1">'Development Status :: 4 - Beta'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Environment :: Console'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Environment :: Web Environment'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Intended Audience :: End Users/Desktop'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Intended Audience :: Developers'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Intended Audience :: System Administrators'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'License :: OSI Approved :: Python Software Foundation License'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Operating System :: POSIX'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Programming Language :: Python'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Topic :: Communications :: Email'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Topic :: Office/Business'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Topic :: Software Development :: Bug Tracking'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>If you wish to include classifiers in your <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> file and also wish to remain backwards-compatible with Python releases prior to 2.2.3, then you can include the following code fragment in your <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup.py</span></code> before the <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code> call.</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># patch distutils if it can't cope with the "classifiers" or</span> <span class="c1"># "download_url" keywords</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sys</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">version</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">version</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="s1">'2.2.3'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">distutils.dist</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">DistributionMetadata</span> <span class="n">DistributionMetadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">classifiers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="n">DistributionMetadata</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">download_url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="debugging-the-setup-script"> <span id="debug-setup-script"></span><h2>2.9. Debugging the setup script<a class="headerlink" href="#debugging-the-setup-script" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Sometimes things go wrong, and the setup script doesn’t do what the developer wants.</p> <p>Distutils catches any exceptions when running the setup script, and print a simple error message before the script is terminated. The motivation for this behaviour is to not confuse administrators who don’t know much about Python and are trying to install a package. If they get a big long traceback from deep inside the guts of Distutils, they may think the package or the Python installation is broken because they don’t read all the way down to the bottom and see that it’s a permission problem.</p> <p>On the other hand, this doesn’t help the developer to find the cause of the failure. For this purpose, the <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DISTUTILS_DEBUG</span></code> environment variable can be set to anything except an empty string, and distutils will now print detailed information about what it is doing, dump the full traceback when an exception occurs, and print the whole command line when an external program (like a C compiler) fails.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">2. Writing the Setup Script</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#listing-whole-packages">2.1. Listing whole packages</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#listing-individual-modules">2.2. Listing individual modules</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#describing-extension-modules">2.3. Describing extension modules</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#extension-names-and-packages">2.3.1. Extension names and packages</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#extension-source-files">2.3.2. Extension source files</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#preprocessor-options">2.3.3. Preprocessor options</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#library-options">2.3.4. Library options</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-options">2.3.5. Other options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#relationships-between-distributions-and-packages">2.4. Relationships between Distributions and Packages</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-scripts">2.5. Installing Scripts</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-package-data">2.6. Installing Package Data</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-additional-files">2.7. Installing Additional Files</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#additional-meta-data">2.8. Additional meta-data</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#debugging-the-setup-script">2.9. Debugging the setup script</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="introduction.html" title="previous chapter">1. An Introduction to Distutils</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="configfile.html" title="next chapter">3. 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